For a bolt action all-around hunting rifle, I'd recommend a 30-06 in a Ruger M77 MkII or Hawkeye. Get a stainless/synthetic version if you have any concerns about being out in the weather, but the walnut/blued is simply a classic and more than capable of handling rain and snow if you take care of it after. With the controlled round feed and mauser style extractor, these things are rugged, well built, and simply work (almost boringly so). And ruger's customer service is top notch.
30-06 is probably your best balanced option for an all-around rifle. Its one of the bigger and more powerful rounds that falls within many people's recoil tolerance range. Its not too big for deer sized game, and is a wonderful choice for elk, black bear, or even moose at reasonable ranges. Ammo variety, availability, and price is hard to beat.
If you plan to only shoot deer sized and under, there are other rounds that offer a better balance of recoil vs effectiveness (i.e. 7mm08, 308, 257 roberts, 270, 280, i could go on), but if you want one to do it all, 30-06 is the way to go.